Directions: There are 10 sentences in this section. Behind each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence.
- Her husband claims that he is a/an ______ of Confucius.
A. ancestor B. descendant C. heir D. tenant
Directions: There are 10 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.
- Your hair wants ______. You'd better have it done tomorrow.
A. cut B. to cut C. cutting D. being cut
Directions: For each blank in the following passage, choose the best answer from the four choices given beneath.
Research on animal intelligence always makes me wonder just how smart humans are. 21______ the fruit-fly experiments described in Carl Zimmer's piece in the Science Times on Tuesday, Fruit flies who were taught to be smarter than the average fruit fly 22______ to live shorter lives. This suggests that 23______ bulbs burn longer, i.e., there is an advantage in not 24______ too terrifically bright.
- A. Suppose B. Consider C. Observe D. Imagine
Directions: In this section, there are four passages followed by questions, each with four suggested answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that you think is the best answer.
A rapid means of long-distance transportation became a necessity for the United States as settlement spread ever farther westward. The early trains were impractical curiosities, and for a long time the railroad companies met with troublesome mechanical problems. The most serious one was the construction of rails able to bear the load, and the development of a safe, effective stopping system. Once these were solved, the railroad was established as the best means of land transportation. By 1860 there were thousands of miles of railroads crossing the eastern mountain ranges and reaching westward to the Mississippi. There were also regional southern and western lines.
- The major problems with America's railroad system in the mid-19th century lay in ______.
A. poor quality rails and unreliable stopping systems
B. lack of financial support for development
C. limited railroad lines
D. lack of transcontinental railroad
Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese.
- Though no evidence for such inheritance was available, the theory gave a plausible hypothesis for naturalists to use.
Directions: You are required to write an email to your friend, telling him/her the name of the most impressive book/film you have seen. Your message should include the following:
- what the book/film is about;
- why you think the book/film is worth reading/seeing.
答案：B
详解：本题考查名词词义辨析及语境适配。A 选项 “ancestor” 意为 “祖先”，指家族中辈分更高的人，与 “孔子” 搭配逻辑颠倒；B 选项 “descendant” 意为 “后代、后裔”，“a descendant of Confucius” 表示 “孔子的后裔”，符合题干 “丈夫声称自己是孔子后裔” 的语境；C 选项 “heir” 意为 “继承人”，侧重对财产、地位的继承，不用于指代名人的后代；D 选项 “tenant” 意为 “租户”，与题干语义无关。考博词汇题常考查名词在特定语境下的精准使用，需重点区分近义名词的语义侧重和搭配习惯。
答案：C
详解：本题考查固定用法及语态逻辑。“want” 在此处表示 “需要”，后接动名词时需用主动形式表被动含义，即 “want doing = need to be done”，因此 “your hair wants cutting” 等同于 “your hair needs to be cut”，符合语法规则；A 选项 “cut” 为动词原形，无法直接接在 “wants” 后；B 选项 “to cut” 为不定式主动形式，逻辑上头发不能自己 “剪”，语义矛盾；D 选项 “being cut” 为动名词被动形式，不符合 “want” 的用法习惯。考博语法题常考查此类特殊动词的固定搭配，需牢记 “want/need/require + doing” 的被动含义用法。
答案：B
详解：本题考查动词词义辨析及语篇衔接。A 选项 “Suppose” 意为 “假设”，后接从句时需用 “Suppose that...” 结构，此处接名词短语 “the fruit-fly experiments”，语法不符；B 选项 “Consider” 意为 “考虑、鉴于”，后可直接接名词短语，用于引出具体案例，符合 “鉴于周二《科学时报》上卡尔・齐默报道的果蝇实验” 的语篇逻辑；C 选项 “Observe” 意为 “观察”，侧重 “亲眼看到”，与 “实验报道” 的语境不符；D 选项 “Imagine” 意为 “想象”，用于虚构场景，而文中实验是真实存在的，语义不当。完形填空题需结合语篇逻辑和语法结构选择词汇，本题核心在于区分动词后接宾语的形式及语义适配性。
答案：A
详解：本题考查对文章细节的精准定位与理解。根据原文第一段第三句 “The most serious one was the construction of rails able to bear the load, and the development of a safe, effective stopping system”，可知 19 世纪中期美国铁路系统的主要问题是 “无法承受重量的铁轨” 和 “缺乏安全有效的制动系统”，对应 A 选项 “劣质铁轨和不可靠的制动系统”；B 选项 “缺乏资金支持”、C 选项 “铁路线路有限” 在文中未提及；D 选项 “缺乏横贯大陆的铁路” 是当时的现状而非 “机械问题”，与题干 “major problems”（主要问题）不符。考博阅读细节题需紧扣原文定位句，排除无依据项和语义偏差项，确保答案与原文高度一致。
答案：尽管没有证据支持这种遗传方式的存在，但该理论为博物学家提供了一个合理的假设可供采用。
详解：翻译需遵循 “忠实原文、通顺自然” 的原则，符合考博翻译 “准确性、完整性、流畅性” 的评分标准。“Though no evidence for such inheritance was available” 译为 “尽管没有证据支持这种遗传方式的存在”，用 “这种遗传方式” 明确指代前文提及的 “环境引起的变异可遗传”，避免语义模糊；“plausible hypothesis” 译为 “合理的假设”，比 “看似可信的假设” 更贴合学术语境；“for naturalists to use” 译为 “可供博物学家采用”，用 “采用” 替代 “使用”，更符合学术文本的表达习惯。高分翻译需注意学术术语的精准转换和中文句式的流畅度，避免直译导致的生硬。
参考范文：
Dear [Friend's Name],
Hope you are doing well! I’m writing to share with you the most impressive book I’ve ever read—Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind by Yuval Noah Harari.
This book takes a grand perspective to trace the evolution of Homo sapiens from ancient foragers to modern humans. It explores how cognitive revolution, agricultural revolution, and scientific revolution have shaped human society, and raises profound questions about our civilization, such as why we have become the dominant species on Earth and whether our progress has truly brought happiness. Unlike traditional history books that focus on kings and wars, Sapiens combines biology, anthropology, and economics to present a comprehensive picture of human development.
I think this book is definitely worth reading for two reasons. First, it broadens our horizons by connecting scattered historical events into a logical framework, helping us understand the root causes of current social phenomena. Second, it inspires critical thinking. Harari challenges many conventional views, such as the "progress myth," urging readers to reflect on the meaning of human existence and the direction of our future.
Have you read any impressive books lately? I’d love to hear your recommendations!
Best regards,
[Your Name]
范文解析：
- 格式规范：严格遵循邮件格式，包含称呼、正文、结尾祝福和署名，符合题目要求；
- 内容完整：清晰介绍书籍名称、作者及核心内容，从 “拓宽视野” 和 “启发批判性思维” 两方面阐述推荐理由，覆盖题干所有要点；
- 语言地道：运用 “takes a grand perspective”“trace the evolution”“critical thinking” 等学术化表达，搭配 “unlike”“such as” 等逻辑连接词，句式多样且流畅，符合博士研究生的英语写作水平；
- 情感自然：以朋友间分享的口吻行文，结尾互动提问，增强邮件的亲切感和真实性。
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