Directions: Each of the following questions consists of an incomplete sentence followed by four words or pairs of words. Choose that word or pair of words that when substituted for the blank space or spaces, best completes the meaning of the sentence and mark the letter of your choice on your answer sheet.
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An audience that laughs in all the wrong places can ______ even the most experienced actor.
A. disparage B. allay C. disconcert D. upbraid
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The Eighteenth Amendment, often called the Prohibition Act, ______ the sale of alcoholic beverages.
A. prolonged B. preempted C. sanctioned D. proscribed
Directions: In this part, there are three passages, each followed by five questions. Please read the passages carefully, and choose from A, B, C, or D one that best answers each question. Please mark the letter of your choice on your answer sheet.
The Great Famine, which occurred in Ireland between 1845-1848, affected the country so profoundly that today, more than 100 years later, it is still discussed both in Irish American communities in the United States and in Ireland. The passage presents a timeline of the famine and some of the events leading up to it.
During the mid-1840s, from 1845-1848, the potato crop in Ireland failed, creating a famine that ravaged the population. This event, the Great Famine, was one of the most significant events in the 8000-year history of this island nation, and the effects of it continue to haunt the Irish, both those who still live in Ireland and those who live in the United States. The most immediate effect of the famine was the dramatic decline in the Irish population—either through death from starvation and disease or through emigration to other countries.
In Ireland, the potato had historically been the mainstay of the diet of a large proportion of the rural population. Highly nutritional, the potato was easy to plant and easy to harvest. If a family of six had one acre of land, it could grow a potato crop that would feed them for almost a year. However, dependence on one crop had its downside as well. Potatoes could not be stored for long, and farmers who had grown so accustomed to dealing with this one crop neglected to plant other crops as a hedge against possible failures.
- The passage implies that ______.
A. dependence on one crop was sensible.
B. the potato was not the only crop in Ireland.
C. the Irish were a happy people.
D. dependence on one crop was dangerous.
Thomas Bulfinch (1796-1867) was a teacher and writer known for his popularization of myths and legends. In this excerpt from Bulfinch's Mythology, he tells the story behind the Trojan War.
Minerva was the goddess of wisdom, but on one occasion she did a very foolish thing: she entered into competition with Juno and Venus for the prize of beauty. It happened thus: At the nuptials of Peleus and Thetis all the gods were invited with the exception of Eris, or Discord. Enraged at her exclusion, the goddess threw a golden apple among the guests, with the inscription, "For the fairest." Thereupon Juno, Venus, and Minerva each claimed the apple. Jupiter, not willing to decide in so delicate a matter, sent the goddesses to Mount Ida, where the beautiful shepherd Paris was tending his flocks, and to him was committed the decision.
- Bulfinch describes Jupiter as unwilling to "decide in so delicate a matter," implying that ______.
A. Jupiter is usually heavy-handed.
B. any decision is bound to offend someone.
C. Jupiter is overly sensitive.
D. the problems are so obscure that no one can judge them.
Directions: Please read the following passage and decide which word or phrase from the four marked as A, B, C and D can best fit in the blanks in the passage. Mark the letter of your choice on your answer sheet.
First, let's consider what a nuclear reactor is: a ______ 31 glowing red-hot coal. That's a ______ 32 way of describing it, anyway. Nuclear reactors, just like fossil fuel-burning power plants, make electricity by ______ 33 water so it turns into steam and ______ 34 a turbine, which powers a generator.
- A. small B. easy C. difficult D. giant
- A. putting up B. staying up C. making up D. heating up
Directions: Please translate the following passage into Chinese and write your answer on your answer sheet.
With a little more deliberation in the choice of their pursuits, all men would perhaps become essentially students and observers, for certainly their nature and destiny are interesting to all alike. In accumulating property for ourselves or our posterity, in founding a family or a state, or acquiring fame even, we are mortal; but in dealing with truth we are immortal, and need fear no change nor accident.
答案：C
详解：本题考查动词词义辨析及语境适配。A 选项 “disparage” 意为 “贬低、轻视”，侧重言语上的负面评价，与 “观众笑错场合” 对演员的影响不符；B 选项 “allay” 意为 “减轻、缓和”，如 “allay fears”（缓解恐惧），语义与题干相反；C 选项 “disconcert” 意为 “使困惑、使不安”，观众在错误时机发笑会让演员不知所措，符合语境；D 选项 “upbraid” 意为 “斥责、责骂”，侧重严厉批评，不符合 “观众行为对演员的影响” 的语义。考博词汇题常考查动词在特定场景下的精准使用，需结合语境判断词义侧重。
答案：D
详解：本题考查动词词义辨析及历史背景适配。A 选项 “prolonged” 意为 “延长”，与 “禁酒令” 的核心作用不符；B 选项 “preempted” 意为 “抢占、优先取得”，语义无关；C 选项 “sanctioned” 意为 “批准、认可”，与禁酒令 “禁止销售酒精饮料” 的含义相反；D 选项 “proscribed” 意为 “禁止、取缔”，符合《第十八修正案》（禁酒令）禁止酒精饮料销售的历史事实。此类题目需结合常识和词汇语义双重判断，牢记近义词在情感色彩和使用场景上的差异。
答案：D
详解：本题考查推理判断能力。根据原文第三段 “However, dependence on one crop had its downside as well. Potatoes could not be stored for long, and farmers... neglected to plant other crops as a hedge against possible failures”，可知依赖单一作物存在弊端，后续饥荒的爆发也印证了这一点，由此可推断 “依赖单一作物是危险的”，D 选项正确；A 选项与原文 “downside”（弊端）矛盾；B 选项 “土豆不是唯一作物” 在文中未提及，原文仅强调土豆是主食；C 选项 “爱尔兰人很快乐” 无任何依据。考博阅读推理题需基于原文细节，避免无依据猜测和语义偏差。
答案：B
详解：本题考查对句子隐含含义的理解。根据上下文，朱诺、维纳斯和密涅瓦三位女神都争夺 “最美” 称号，木星若做出选择，必然会得罪另外两位女神，因此 “不愿在如此微妙的事情上做决定”，隐含 “任何决定都定会冒犯某人” 的含义，B 选项正确；A 选项 “木星通常作风强硬”、C 选项 “木星过于敏感” 在文中无依据；D 选项 “问题晦涩难懂无人能判断” 与原文 “三位女神争夺最美” 的明确场景不符。解答此类题需结合故事背景和逻辑关系推导隐含意义。
答案：D
详解：本题考查形容词词义辨析及比喻逻辑。空格处需修饰 “glowing red-hot coal”（炽热的煤），结合核反应堆的实际规模和比喻修辞，A 选项 “small”（小的）不符合核反应堆的体量；B、C 选项 “easy”（容易的）、“difficult”（困难的）无法修饰 “煤”；D 选项 “giant”（巨大的）既符合核反应堆的实际大小，又能通过 “巨大的炽热煤块” 形象比喻核反应堆的能量核心，符合语境。完形填空需兼顾词汇搭配和比喻逻辑的合理性。
答案：D
详解：本题考查动词短语辨析及常识适配。A 选项 “putting up” 意为 “张贴、搭建”，与 “水” 搭配不当；B 选项 “staying up” 意为 “熬夜”，语义无关；C 选项 “making up” 意为 “编造、组成”，无法与 “水变成蒸汽” 的过程衔接；D 选项 “heating up” 意为 “加热”，核反应堆通过加热水产生蒸汽驱动涡轮机，符合能源生产的常识。此类题目需结合专业常识和短语语义双重判断。
答案：若人们在选择追求目标时多一分审慎，或许所有人本质上都会成为学习者和观察者，因为毫无疑问，人的本性与命运对所有人而言都极具吸引力。为自己或后代积累财富、建立家庭或国家，甚至追求名利，这些方面我们皆是凡人；但在探索真理的道路上，我们则获得了不朽，无需畏惧任何变革与意外。
详解：翻译严格遵循 “忠实原文、流畅自然、符合学术表达” 的原则。“with a little more deliberation” 译为 “多一分审慎”，比 “更多考虑” 更精准；“pursuits” 结合语境译为 “追求目标”，避免直译 “追求” 的生硬；“mortal” 译为 “凡人”，与后文 “immortal”（不朽）形成对比，符合语义逻辑；“deal with truth” 译为 “探索真理”，贴合学术语境下对 “真理” 的表达习惯。高分翻译需注意词汇的语境化转换和句式的中文表达习惯，同时保留原文的哲学意味。
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