Directions: In each item, choose one word or phrase that best keeps the meaning of the sentence if it is substituted for the underlined word. Mark out your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.
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The controls of most modern airplanes can be operated either manually or automatically.
A. by the book B. by a map C. by logic D. by hand
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Woodrow Wilson endeavored to preserve world peace by supporting the establishment of an organization to settle international disputes.
A. tried B. needed C. decided D. neglected
Directions: In this part of the test, there are five short passages for you to read. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark out your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.
It's possible that while you are at work, you may dream about a month of Sundays, but your boss wishes for a week of Tuesdays. That's because she/he probably knows that productivity is one of the main factors bolstering (supporting) a company's growth. And a recent poll shows that workers are most productive on Tuesdays! Accountemps, an employment agency, conducted a national survey of office managers, which shows that by the middle of the week, they see a dramatic productivity decrease. While Monday is considered second in "productivity value," only nine percent of office managers think Wednesday is the peak productivity day. Five percent believe it is Thursday. And Friday, well, you can just imagine! However, forty-eight percent of the managers polled said that Tuesday is, by far, the most productive day of the week.
- According to the poll, which is the most productive day?
A. Thursday. B. Friday. C. Monday. D. Tuesday.
It's plain common sense --the more happiness you feel, the less unhappiness you experience. It's plain common sense, but it's not true. Recent research reveals that happiness and unhappiness are not really two sides of the same emotion. They are two distinct feelings that, coexisting, rise and fall independently.
People might think that the higher a person's level of unhappiness, the lower their level of happiness and vice versa. But when researchers measure people's average levels of happiness and unhappiness, they often find little relationship between the two.
- According to the text, it is true that ______.
A. unhappiness is more inherited than affected by environment.
B. happiness and unhappiness coexist independently.
C. unhappiness is not influenced by environment.
D. happiness is an uncontrollable subjective feeling.
Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D) on the paper. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage and mark out your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.
Historically, humans get serious about avoiding disasters only after one has just struck them. 46______ that logic, 2006 should have been a breakthrough year for rational behavior. With the memory of 9/11 still 47______ in their minds, Americans watched hurricane Katrina, the most expensive disaster in U.S. history, on 48______ TV.
- A) To B) By C) On D) For
- A) visual B) vivid C) live D) lively
The Media and Famous People
In almost every form of media, including television, newspapers and magazines, a great deal of attention is paid to the personal lives of celebrities. It seems that the public cannot get enough of this kind of news. However, I believe that the media have a responsibility to present a balanced view of the world, as well as respect the lives of public figures.
Directions: Write a composition according to the topic below.
Some people believe that with the rapid development of science and technology, we will certainly have a brighter and better future. Write a composition of about 200 words agreeing or disagreeing with this idea. Remember to give your reasons as persuasively as possible.
答案：D
详解：本题考查副词短语词义辨析。A 选项 “by the book” 意为 “按规则”，与 “操作飞机控制装置” 的方式无关；B 选项 “by a map” 意为 “通过地图”，语义不符；C 选项 “by logic” 意为 “通过逻辑”，不符合语境；D 选项 “by hand” 意为 “手动地”，与 “automatically”（自动地）形成对比，符合 “现代飞机控制装置可手动或自动操作” 的语义。考博词汇题常考查近义词组的语境适配，需结合常识和语义双重判断。
答案：A
详解：本题考查动词词义辨析。A 选项 “tried” 意为 “努力、尝试”，与 “endeavored”（致力于、努力）语义完全一致，符合 “威尔逊努力维护世界和平” 的语境；B 选项 “needed” 意为 “需要”，语义不符；C 选项 “decided” 意为 “决定”，侧重主观决策，而非努力行动；D 选项 “neglected” 意为 “忽视”，与原文语义相反。此类题目需准确把握动词的语义侧重，避免混淆 “努力行动” 与 “决策、需求” 等含义。
答案：D
详解：本题考查细节定位能力。根据原文第一段 “However, forty-eight percent of the managers polled said that Tuesday is, by far, the most productive day of the week”，直接明确 “周二是效率最高的一天”，D 选项正确；A、B 选项在文中被提及效率低，C 选项 “周一” 被列为第二高效，均不符合题意。考博阅读细节题需快速定位原文关键句，直接匹配答案，避免干扰项误导。
答案：B
详解：本题考查对原文核心观点的理解。根据原文第一段 “Recent research reveals that happiness and unhappiness are not really two sides of the same emotion. They are two distinct feelings that, coexisting, rise and fall independently”，可知幸福与不幸福是独立共存的两种情绪，B 选项正确；A 选项 “不幸福更多是遗传而非环境影响” 在文中未提及，原文仅说不幸福可能有遗传倾向，但未对比遗传与环境的影响程度；C 选项 “不幸福不受环境影响” 与原文 “disposition can be influenced by personal choice” 矛盾；D 选项 “幸福是不可控的主观感受” 与原文 “you can increase your happiness through your own actions” 不符。考博阅读主旨题需紧扣原文核心观点，排除无依据和矛盾选项。
答案：B
详解：本题考查介词搭配。“by that logic” 为固定搭配，意为 “按照那种逻辑”，符合 “按照‘灾难发生后人才重视防灾’的逻辑，2006 年本应是理性行为的突破年” 的语境；A 选项 “To”、C 选项 “On”、D 选项 “For” 均无法与 “logic” 搭配形成合理语义。完形填空常考查固定介词搭配，需积累常见短语的用法。
答案：C
详解：本题考查形容词词义辨析。A 选项 “visual” 意为 “视觉的”，如 “visual effects”（视觉效果），无法修饰 “TV”；B 选项 “vivid” 意为 “生动的”，侧重描述画面或描述的生动性；C 选项 “live” 意为 “现场直播的”，“on live TV” 表示 “在电视直播中”，符合 “美国人通过电视直播观看卡特里娜飓风” 的语境；D 选项 “lively” 意为 “活泼的”，常修饰人或氛围，不修饰 “TV”。此类题目需结合语境判断形容词的修饰对象和语义适配性。
答案：媒体与名人
几乎在所有媒体形式中，包括电视、报纸和杂志，名人的个人生活都受到极大关注。公众似乎对这类新闻总是百看不厌。然而，我认为媒体有责任呈现对世界的平衡视角，同时尊重公众人物的生活。
详解：翻译严格遵循 “忠实原文、流畅自然、符合中文表达习惯” 的原则。“a great deal of attention is paid to” 译为 “受到极大关注”，采用被动转主动的译法，更符合中文表达；“cannot get enough of” 译为 “百看不厌”，比直译 “无法满足” 更生动；“balanced view” 译为 “平衡视角”，精准传达原文含义；“public figures” 译为 “公众人物”，是固定表达。考博翻译需注意句式转换和语义的精准传达，避免直译导致的生硬。
参考范文：
I firmly believe that the rapid development of science and technology will surely lead us to a brighter and better future. The profound impacts of technological progress have been witnessed in every aspect of our lives, laying a solid foundation for a better tomorrow.
Firstly, science and technology boost economic development. Innovations such as artificial intelligence, big data and renewable energy have driven the transformation of industries, improving production efficiency and creating numerous new job opportunities. For example, renewable energy technologies have alleviated the energy crisis and promoted environmental protection, achieving sustainable economic growth. Secondly, technology enhances people's quality of life. Medical advancements have prolonged human lifespan and cured many incurable diseases, while intelligent home devices and online services have made daily life more convenient and efficient. Additionally, technological progress strengthens national strength, enabling countries to better address global challenges such as climate change and public health crises.
In conclusion, science and technology are the core driving force for social progress. With continuous innovation and rational application, we can definitely build a more prosperous, healthy and sustainable future.
范文解析：
- 立场明确：开篇直接表明 “科技发展将带来更光明未来” 的观点，符合题目要求；
- 论证充分：从 “推动经济发展”“提升生活质量”“增强国家实力” 三个维度展开，结合具体例子（人工智能、可再生能源、医疗进步）增强说服力；
- 语言规范：运用 “profound impacts, transformation, alleviate, sustainable” 等学术词汇，句式多样（定语从句、状语从句），符合博士研究生写作水平；
- 结构清晰：采用 “总 - 分 - 总” 结构，逻辑连贯，结尾总结升华，呼应主题。
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