Directions: Each of the following sentences is incomplete and is followed by 4 choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence.
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Mr. Bridges mentioned briefly several other subjects in the course of his talk but mostly kept himself to the main topic _______.
A. touched off B. touched down C. touched on D. touched up
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A haphazard knowledge of several styles of a language may be worse than useless if we do not know the type of occasion on which each is appropriate or if we do not know when we are sliding from one of another.
A. causal B. disorganized C. systematic D. unplanned
Thousands of years ago man used handy rocks for his surgical operations. Later he used sharp bone or horn, metal knives and more recently, rubber and plastic. And that was where we stuck, in surgical instrument terms, for many years. In the 1960s a new tool was developed, one which was, first of all, to be of great practical use to the armed forces and industry, but which was also, in time, to revolutionize the art and science of surgery.
The tool is the laser and it is being used by more and more surgeons all over the world, for a very large number of different complaints. The word laser means: Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Light. As we all know, light is hot; any source of light---from the sun itself down to a humble match burning---will give warmth. But light is usually spread out over a wide area.
The light in a laser beam, however, is concentrated. This means that a light with no more power than that produced by an ordinary electric light bulb becomes intensely strong as it is concentrated to a pinpoint-sized beam.
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Up until the 1960s the instruments used to perform surgical operations were _______.
A. fashionable B. extraordinary C. special D. basic
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The laser beam is so strong because _______.
A. it is composed of a concentrated beam of light B. its heat is increased by the heat of the sun C. it can be plugged into an ordinary light fitting D. it sends out heat in many different directions
Directions: Translate the following part into Chinese.
Historically, Jeep's reputation as a go-anywhere vehicle dates back to the Second World War when the original Jeeps, supplied by the Willys company, carried Allied forces through the Pacific and Europe.
The Macquarie Dictionary of Motoring says the name Jeep stemmed from the United States Army's decision to call the vehicle GP, for General Purpose vehicle. The name was eventually corrupted to "jeep," from the pronunciation of the letters GP, and became a trademark owned by the Willys company.
答案：C
详解：本题考查动词短语辨析，核心需匹配 “简要提及其他话题” 的语境。
- 短语语义解析：
- A. touched off（触发；引爆）：侧重 “引发某事件”，如 “touch off a debate”（引发一场辩论），与 “提及话题” 无关；
- B. touched down（降落；着陆）：特指飞机、航天器等的 “着陆”，语义完全不符；
- C. touched on（提及；涉及）：强调 “简要提到某个话题”，符合 “布里奇斯先生在谈话中简要提及其他几个话题，主要围绕主题” 的语境；
- D. touched up（润色；修改）：侧重 “对作品、妆容等进行修饰”，如 “touch up a painting”（润色一幅画），不用于 “提及话题”。
- 考博考点延伸：博士英语中 “touch” 相关短语是高频考点，需区分不同搭配的语义侧重，如 “touch on” 侧重 “简要提及”，“touch upon” 与 “touch on” 同义，“touch up” 侧重 “修饰完善”。
答案：B
详解：本题考查形容词词义辨析，核心需准确理解 “haphazard” 的含义并匹配语境。
- 选项语义解析：
- A. causal（因果的；具有因果关系的）：侧重 “原因与结果的关联”，与 “知识体系” 无关；
- B. disorganized（杂乱无章的；无条理的）：与 “haphazard（随意的、无计划的）” 语义高度契合，符合 “对一门语言的几种语体只有杂乱无章的知识，若不知适用场合，可能比无用更糟糕” 的语境；
- C. systematic（系统的）：与 “haphazard” 语义相反，不符合语境；
- D. unplanned（无计划的）：虽与 “haphazard” 有一定关联，但 “unplanned” 侧重 “未提前规划”，而 “disorganized” 更强调 “体系混乱、无条理”，更贴合 “知识掌握” 的语境。
答案：D
详解：本题考查细节理解题，需定位原文对 1960 年代前手术器械的描述。
- 原文定位与分析：
第一段提到 “数千年前人类用石头、骨头、金属刀，近代用橡胶和塑料，多年来在手术器械方面一直停留在这个水平”，说明这些器械均为 “基础的、简单的”，未达到 “时尚、非凡、特殊” 的程度。
- 选项排除：
- A. fashionable（时尚的）：原文未提及器械的 “时尚性”，无依据；
- B. extraordinary（非凡的）：与 “简单基础的器械” 描述矛盾；
- C. special（特殊的）：原文未强调器械 “特殊用途”，仅说明是常用基础工具，语义不符。
答案：A
详解：本题考查细节理解题，需精准定位激光强度高的原因。
- 原文定位与分析：
第三段明确提到 “激光束中的光是集中的，这意味着即使功率与普通电灯泡相当，集中成针尖大小的光束后会变得极具强度”，即激光强度高的原因是 “光的集中”。
- 选项排除：
- B. 热量被太阳热量增强：原文未提及太阳对激光热量的影响，无依据；
- C. 可插入普通灯具：原文未涉及激光与普通灯具的连接，语义无关；
- D. 向多个方向散热：与原文 “光集中成光束” 矛盾，原文强调 “集中” 而非 “分散”。
答案：
在历史上，吉普车以其能适应各种路况的出众性能而著称于世。这种美名可以追溯到二战期间，当时由威利斯公司提供的最初型号的吉普车载着盟军部队驰骋于太平洋沿岸及欧洲战场。
《麦氏汽车驾驶大全》一书认为，“吉普” 这个名字起源于美国军队决定把这种车辆命名为 GP（即 “通用车辆” 之意）。而后，GP 这两个字母的读音被误读为 “吉普”，并成为威利斯公司享有的商标名称。
详解：
- 专有名词与术语精准翻译：
- “go-anywhere vehicle” 译为 “能适应各种路况的车辆”，避免直译 “能去任何地方的车辆” 的生硬，贴合车辆性能描述；
- “Allied forces” 译为 “盟军部队”，为二战固定表述；“General Purpose vehicle” 译为 “通用车辆”，准确还原缩写 GP 的含义。
- 句式优化与逻辑衔接：
原文第一句为复杂复合句，翻译时拆分为 “吉普车以其…… 著称于世” 和 “这种美名可以追溯到……” 两句，用 “这种美名” 衔接，逻辑更清晰；第二句中 “from the pronunciation of the letters GP” 译为 “GP 这两个字母的读音”，补充 “两个字母” 使语义更明确，避免歧义。
- 语境还原与文化适配：
“was eventually corrupted to” 译为 “被误读为”，既准确传达 “发音演变” 的含义，又符合中文对词汇演变的表述习惯；“trademark owned by the Willys company” 译为 “威利斯公司享有的商标名称”，明确 “商标归属”，符合法律术语的严谨性。
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