Directions: Choose the best answer for each question after the passage.
In foreign transport today the most popular and common kind of packing material is foam (泡沫) plastic.Before its coming in the 1950s, however,people used wood, paper, sponge and cotton as wrappers. Wood and paper were not resistible enough to intense shocks that were inevitable during long distance transport, cotton and sponge cost too much to be wrappers for ordinary goods like glass, porcelain and electrical diazo. We can find that in a wooden trunk, on each side and end there was a layer of sponge, every individual object then was wrapped by a thick layer of paper or cotton. This was very safe indeed,but the packing and unpacking meant a great deal of labour and a waste of a lot of money.
The arrival of foam plastic almost brought a revolution to the world's packing industry. Today it accounts for nearly 80% of packing materials for delicate goods while wood, paper and sponge have nearly withdrawn from the modern stage of packaging. This is nothing accidental. For one thing, it is so cheap that its price for one cubic meter, which occupies a space of as much as 1000 m³ amounts to only US $260. It is softer than wood and harder than cotton and sponge and paper, and therefore a more suitable wrapper for delicate goods. What is more, it can be easily shaped but its shape is unchangeable so that delicate goods like cameras with their protruding (突出的) parts, musical instruments with their irregular shapes and extreme delicacy can be completely wrapped and well protected in it without additional fillings. Still another advantage is that the foam plastic wrapper can be used to safeguard your objects as long as it lasts: You buy a TV set in the supermarket. The foam plastic wrapper protects it on the way to your home. When you move home ten years later, the same wrapper can be picked out from the box at the corner of your barn and used to safeguard your TV set to your new home.
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What kind of material is foam plastic?
A. The cheapest
B. The most popular
C. The safest
D. The hardest
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Why is foam plastic so popular? The following are the reasons except?
A. it is cheap
B. its shape is unchangeable
C. it can be used for many times to protect the same object
D. it is dirt itself and can be got everywhere
Exceptional children are different in some significant way from others of the same age. For these children to develop to their full adult potential, their education must be adapted to those differences.
Although we focus on the needs of exceptional children, we find ourselves describing their environment as well. While the leading actor on the stage captures our attention, we are aware of the importance of the supporting players and the scenery of the play itself. Both the family and the society in which exceptional children live are often the key to their growth and development. And it is in the public schools that we find the full expression of society's understanding the knowledge, hopes and fears that are passed on to the next generation.
- What is the purpose for author to cite the example of stage in paragraph 2?
A. To show those exceptional children are more easily influenced than normal children.
B. To indicate those exceptional children have great potentials.
C. To identify all men are born to be equal.
D. To illustrate the importance of environment such as family and society.
Directions: Translate the underlined parts from English into Chinese.
(1) Under modern conditions, this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts.
Directions: China claims to be the largest developing country in the world, yet its population is aging stunningly fast. What are the consequences and how will China solve the problem? Explain the issue thoroughly with relevant government statistics, policies and real-life experiences. Write your composition with 220-250 words.
答案：B
详解：本题考查细节理解题，需精准定位原文对泡沫塑料的定性描述。
- 原文定位与分析：第一段首句明确指出 “如今在国际运输中，最受欢迎且最常见的包装材料是泡沫塑料”，“the most popular and common” 直接对应选项 B “最受欢迎的”；
- 选项排除：
- A. 最便宜的：原文仅提到泡沫塑料 “便宜”，但未称其 “最便宜”，表述绝对，排除；
- C. 最安全的：原文提及泡沫塑料 “适合包装易碎品”，但 “非常安全” 的是过去 “木箱子 + 海绵 + 纸 / 棉花” 的包装方式，并非泡沫塑料是 “最安全的”，排除；
- D. 最硬的：原文明确 “泡沫塑料比木头软，比棉花、海绵和纸硬”，并非 “最硬的”，排除。
答案：D
详解：本题考查细节排除题，需逐一核对选项与原文提及的泡沫塑料优势是否一致。
- 原文优势定位：
- A. 便宜：原文 “it is so cheap that its price for one cubic meter... amounts to only US $260”，是优势之一；
- B. 形状不变：原文 “it can be easily shaped but its shape is unchangeable”，是优势之一；
- C. 可多次使用：原文 “the foam plastic wrapper can be used to safeguard your objects as long as it lasts”（只要完好可一直使用），隐含 “多次使用”，是优势之一；
- 选项排除：
- D. 本身肮脏且随处可得：原文未提及泡沫塑料 “肮脏” 和 “随处可得”，属于无中生有，符合 “除外” 要求。
答案：D
详解：本题考查例证题，需分析 “舞台例子” 与上下文的逻辑关系，明确其论证目的。
- 原文逻辑分析：第二段开篇指出 “关注特殊儿童需求时，也需描述其所处环境”，随后用 “舞台主角（特殊儿童）吸引注意力，但配角和场景（环境）同样重要” 的例子，类比 “特殊儿童的成长发展中，家庭和社会环境是关键”，核心是为了论证 “环境的重要性”；
- 选项排除：
- A. 特殊儿童比普通儿童更易受影响：原文未对比两类儿童的 “受影响程度”，排除；
- B. 特殊儿童潜力大：例子未涉及 “潜力”，排除；
- C. 人人生而平等：与例子论证的 “环境重要性” 无关，排除。
答案：
在现代条件下，这需要采取不同程度的集中控制措施，因此也需要经济学家、运筹学专家等专业科学家的协助。
详解：
- 词汇精准翻译：
- “varying measures of centralized control” 译为 “不同程度的集中控制措施”，“varying” 强调 “程度不同”，避免直译 “各种各样的”；
- “operational research experts” 译为 “运筹学专家”，为固定学术术语，确保专业准确性；
- “hence” 译为 “因此”，清晰传递前后句的因果逻辑。
- 句式优化：
原文为简单句，翻译时拆分 “requires” 的两个宾语（“varying measures...” 和 “the help...”），用 “采取”“需要” 分别搭配，符合中文动宾搭配习惯；补充 “措施”“协助” 使语义更完整，避免直译导致的生硬。
参考范文
The Consequences and Solutions of China’s Rapid Aging Population
As the world’s largest developing country, China is facing an unprecedented aging population challenge. Data shows that by 2023, the number of people aged 60 and above exceeded 297 million, accounting for over 21% of the total population. This rapid aging brings severe consequences: it strains the pension and medical systems, reduces the labor force supply, and increases the burden on the working-age population. For example, the dependency ratio of the elderly is rising, making it harder to sustain the pension fund.
To address this issue, the Chinese government has implemented a series of policies. First, the “three-child policy” with supporting measures (such as tax reductions and childcare subsidies) is intended to boost the birth rate and optimize the age structure. Second, delaying the retirement age is being promoted to extend the working life of the elderly and alleviate labor shortages. Third, the pension system is being improved, including expanding the coverage of basic pension insurance and developing commercial endowment insurance. Additionally, community elderly care services are being enhanced, providing home-based care and medical support for the elderly.
In conclusion, while rapid aging poses great challenges, China’s targeted policies are effectively mitigating its impact. By balancing birth rate promotion, labor force retention, and elderly care improvement, China can achieve sustainable development amid population aging.
范文详解：
- 结构清晰：开篇用数据点明老龄化现状与后果，中间分点阐述政策解决方案，结尾总结升华，逻辑闭环；
- 论证充分：结合 “2.97 亿老年人口”“超过 21% 占比” 等数据，以及 “三孩政策、延迟退休、养老金改革” 等政策实例，符合题干 “结合统计数据、政策和现实经验” 的要求；
- 语言规范：使用 “unprecedented”“dependency ratio”“sustainable development” 等学术词汇，句式多样（如定语从句、分词短语），篇幅控制在 240 词左右，符合博士写作要求。
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