Directions: In this part, there are twenty incomplete sentences. For each sentence four alternatives A, B,C or D are given. Decide which of the alternatives best completes the sentence and mark the corresponding letter on your ANSWER SHEET.
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Without the friction between their feet and the ground, people would ______ be able to walk.
A. in no time
B. by all means
C. in no way
D. on any account
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The English language contains a(n) ______ of words which are comparatively seldom used in ordinary conversation.
A. altitude
B. latitude
C. multitude
D. attitude
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答案：C
- 解题思路：题干核心逻辑为 “没有脚与地面的摩擦力，人就______能走路”，需选择表示 “无法、不能” 的短语，体现 “摩擦力是行走的必要条件” 这一物理常识。
- 选项分析：
- A 选项 “in no time”（立刻、马上）表时间，与 “能否走路” 的可能性无关，排除；
- B 选项 “by all means”（务必、一定）表肯定，与 “没有摩擦力就不能走路” 的否定逻辑相悖，排除；
- C 选项 “in no way”（绝不、根本不能）表否定，精准匹配 “无摩擦力则无法行走” 的语义，正确；
- D 选项 “on any account”（无论如何、无论什么情况）表条件，通常用于强调 “任何情况下都应 / 不应做某事”，如 “On no account should you open this door”，与题干 “物理条件缺失导致无法行动” 的语境不符，排除。
- 知识扩展：考博英语中 “否定短语” 是高频考点，常见类似短语还包括 “by no means”（绝不）、“under no circumstances”（无论如何都不），这类短语置于句首时需用部分倒装（如 “Under no circumstances should we give up”）。考生需结合语境区分 “否定可能性”（in no way）与 “否定条件”（on no account）的语义差异，避免搭配错误。
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答案：C
- 解题思路：题干意为 “英语包含______在日常对话中相对不常用的单词”，需选择表示 “大量、众多” 的名词，体现 “英语词汇丰富，存在大量低频词” 的特点。
- 选项分析：
- A 选项 “altitude”（海拔、高度）指空间高度，与 “单词数量” 无关，排除；
- B 选项 “latitude”（纬度、自由度）指地理纬度或行为灵活性，语义不符，排除；
- C 选项 “multitude”（大量、众多），“a multitude of” 为固定搭配，表 “大量的、许多的”，精准匹配 “英语中存在大量低频词” 的语境，正确；
- D 选项 “attitude”（态度、看法）指主观态度，与 “单词数量” 无关，排除。
- 知识扩展：考博英语中 “固定搭配 + 形近词辨析” 是词汇题的重要考点，本题中 “altitude/latitude/multitude/attitude” 为形近词，需通过词根区分：“alt-” 表 “高”（altitude 海拔）、“lat-” 表 “宽、纬度”（latitude 纬度）、“mult-” 表 “多”（multitude 大量）、“att-” 表 “态度”（attitude 态度）。考生需积累这类形近词的词根含义，结合搭配（如 “a multitude of”）提升词汇辨析能力。
Directions: There are twenty exercises in this section, choose the synonym of the underlined part in each of the following sentence. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
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The very sight of the imposing buildings assured these tourists of the significant changes in this city.
A. instinctive
B. impressive
C. institutional
D. imaginary
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The sitting-room feels comfortable with the fireplace shedding warm and faint light.
A. giving off
B. calling off
C. shaking off
D. putting off
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答案：B
- 解题思路：题干中 “imposing” 修饰 “buildings”，结合 “让游客确信城市发生重大变化” 的语境，可知 “imposing” 应表示 “宏伟的、令人印象深刻的”，需选择同义形容词。
- 选项分析：
- A 选项 “instinctive”（本能的、直觉的）用于描述 “行为或反应”，与 “建筑物” 搭配不当，排除；
- B 选项 “impressive”（令人印象深刻的、宏伟的）与 “imposing”（宏伟的、壮观的）语义完全一致，且可修饰 “建筑物”，正确；
- C 选项 “institutional”（机构的、制度的）指 “与机构或制度相关”，如 “institutional reforms”（制度改革），与 “建筑物” 无关，排除；
- D 选项 “imaginary”（想象的、虚构的）表 “非真实存在”，与 “游客亲眼看到的建筑物” 矛盾，排除。
- 知识扩展：考博英语同义词辨析需关注 “修饰对象”，如 “imposing” 和 “impressive” 均可修饰 “建筑、景观”，但 “imposing” 更强调 “规模宏大、气势威严”（如 imposing castle），“impressive” 更强调 “给人深刻印象”（如 impressive performance），考生需结合具体语境判断细微差异。
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答案：A
- 解题思路：题干中 “shedding” 修饰 “warm and faint light”，结合 “壁炉发出光” 的场景，可知 “shedding” 意为 “发出、散发”，需选择同义短语。
- 选项分析：
- A 选项 “giving off”（发出、释放），如 “give off heat/light”（发热 / 发光），与 “shedding light” 语义完全一致，正确；
- B 选项 “calling off”（取消），如 “call off a meeting”（取消会议），与 “发光” 无关，排除；
- C 选项 “shaking off”（摆脱、抖落），如 “shake off a cold”（摆脱感冒），语义不符，排除；
- D 选项 “putting off”（推迟、拖延），如 “put off a task”（推迟任务），与语境无关，排除。
- 知识扩展：考博英语中 “动词 + 副词” 短语是高频考点，“shed” 的常见搭配还包括 “shed tears”（流泪）、“shed blood”（流血），其同义词 “give off”“emit”“radiate” 的搭配各有侧重：“emit” 侧重 “释放气体、射线”（emit radiation），“radiate” 侧重 “从中心向外辐射”（radiate light），考生需结合 “对象（光、热、气体等）” 选择合适短语。
Directions: There are 3 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D.You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.
In the 1997 general-election campaign, "Education, Education" was Tony Blair's pet phrase. Times change quickly. Education is rapidly out of fashion. "Learning" (to be exact, "lifelong learning") is New Labor's new buzzword (时髦语). The shift from "education" to "learning" reflects more than a change of language. It stems from both educational research and left-wing ideas. During the 1980s, British educationalists got some new American ideas. One was the notion that traditional examinations do not test the full range of people's abilities. Another was the belief that skills are not necessarily learned from teachers in a conventional classroom. People can pick them up in all sorts of ways.
All this echoed left-wing ideas that traditional teaching methods were not sufficiently adaptable to the needs of individual learners. Advocators of lifelong learning argue that it merely describes what has changed in education in the past decade. And there are now hundreds of schemes in which pupils learn outside the classroom.
Until now, education has been changing from below. In the next few weeks, the government will help form above. One of its main projects for lifelong learning is about to begin its first pilot programs. With funding of $4 million in its first year, it will coordinate a new network of "learning centers" throughout the country. Traditional institutions, such as schools and colleges, will provide training at some nontraditional places of learning, such as supermarkets, pubs, and churches. The theory is that in such places students will feel more at ease, and therefore will be better motivated than in a classroom.
The new schemes allow consumers of education to exercise complete choice over where, what and when they learn. In the rest of the state-run education sectors (部门), the government still seems to be committed to restricting choices as much as possible. If these programs succeed, they could improve the skills of Britain's workforce.
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According to the writer, the shift from"education" to "learning"
A. is but a change of language
B. reflects the traditional ideas in education
C. reflects the government's wish to restrict choices
D. is not just a change of language
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It can be inferred from the passage that the new projects
A. are started from below
B. have begun in the past decade
C. will allow students to have complete control over their learning
D. will be carried out in the traditional institutions
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答案：D
- 解题思路：细节题需定位 “从‘教育’到‘学习’的转变” 的描述（首段）：原文明确提到 “The shift from ‘education’ to ‘learning’ reflects more than a change of language. It stems from both educational research and left-wing ideas”，即 “这一转变不仅是语言的变化，还源于教育研究和左翼思想”，直接对应选项 D。
- 选项分析：
- A 选项 “仅是语言的变化” 与原文 “reflects more than a change of language” 矛盾，排除；
- B 选项 “反映教育中的传统思想” 原文提到转变源于 “新美国思想” 和 “左翼思想”，与 “传统思想” 相悖，排除；
- C 选项 “反映政府限制选择的意愿” 原文末段提到 “政府在其他公立教育部门仍限制选择”，但这是 “转变之外的现状”，并非转变本身反映的内容，排除。
- 知识扩展：考博英语阅读细节题需关注 “转折词” 和 “递进词”，如本题中 “more than”（不仅）明确提示 “转变的多重意义”，考生需通过这类词汇锁定核心信息，避免被 “片面选项”（如 A 选项仅提及语言变化）干扰。
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答案：C
- 解题思路：推断题需结合 “新项目” 的描述（第三、四段）：原文提到 “The new schemes allow consumers of education to exercise complete choice over where, what and when they learn”，即 “新项目让学习者在学习地点、内容和时间上拥有完全选择权”，可推断 “学生将对自己的学习有完全控制权”，对应选项 C。
- 选项分析：
- A 选项 “从底层发起” 原文提到 “Until now, education has been changing from below. In the next few weeks, the government will help form above”，即 “新项目由政府从顶层推动”，与 “从底层发起” 矛盾，排除；
- B 选项 “在过去十年已启动” 原文提到 “One of its main projects for lifelong learning is about to begin its first pilot programs”，即 “新项目即将启动试点”，并非 “过去十年已启动”，排除；
- D 选项 “在传统机构中实施” 原文提到 “Traditional institutions...will provide training at some nontraditional places”，即 “传统机构在非传统场所实施项目”，而非 “在传统机构中实施”，排除。
- 知识扩展：考博英语推断题需 “基于原文信息合理推断”，避免 “过度推断” 或 “与原文矛盾”。本题中 C 选项 “complete control over their learning” 是对原文 “complete choice over where, what and when they learn” 的合理概括，考生需掌握 “同义替换 + 逻辑推导” 的解题技巧，如 “choice”（选择）对应 “control”（控制），“where, what and when” 覆盖 “学习的全流程”，进而推断 “完全控制权”。
Directions: Read the following one passages and translate the underlined parts into Chinese.
Governments throughout the world act on the assumption that the welfare of their people depends largely on the economic strength and wealth of the community. (61) Under modern conditions, this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts. (62) Furthermore, it is obvious that the strength of a country's economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds.
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English 原文：Under modern conditions, this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts.
Chinese Translation：在现代条件下，这需要采取不同程度的集中控制措施，因此也需要诸如经济学家和运筹学专家等专业科学家的协助。
- 翻译要点解析：
- 术语准确性：“centralized control” 译为 “集中控制”（经济管理领域标准术语），“operational research experts” 译为 “运筹学专家”（数学与管理交叉学科术语），避免直译 “操作研究专家” 导致歧义；
- 逻辑衔接：“hence” 表 “因果递进”，译为 “因此也需要”，清晰体现 “集中控制措施” 与 “专业科学家协助” 的依赖关系，符合中文 “先因后果” 的表达逻辑；
- 修饰成分处理：“such as economists and operational research experts” 作为 “specialized scientists” 的后置定语，译为 “诸如…… 等专业科学家”，采用 “总括 + 举例” 的中文表达习惯，避免语序混乱。
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English 原文：Furthermore, it is obvious that the strength of a country's economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds.
Chinese Translation：此外，显而易见的是，一个国家的经济实力与其农业和工业的效率直接相关，而这反过来又取决于各类科学家和技术人员的努力。
- 翻译要点解析：
- 固定搭配精准：“be bound up with” 译为 “与…… 直接相关”（避免直译 “绑定”），“rests upon” 译为 “取决于”（体现 “依赖、依靠” 的语义），符合学术文本的严谨性；
- 指代明确：“this” 指代前文 “the efficiency of its agriculture and industry”（工农业效率），译为 “这”，避免指代模糊；“its” 指代 “a country's”，译为 “其”，保持指代一致性；
- 递进关系清晰：“Furthermore” 译为 “此外”，表前文观点的延伸；“in turn” 译为 “反过来”，表 “经济实力→工农业效率→科技人员努力” 的因果循环，准确传递原文的逻辑链条。
昆明理工大学考博真题（含英语、工科专业课）是备考的核心资料，历年真题均配备高分答案详解，能帮助考生精准把握命题重点（如英语侧重词汇辨析、学术阅读与翻译，专业课侧重工程理论与应用）。考生可通过以下渠道获取真题：
- 考博信息网官网：http://www.kaoboinfo.com/
- 昆明理工大学历年考博真题下载专用页面：http://www.kaoboinfo.com/shijuan/school/408061_1_1207811.html
- 英语备考：
- 词汇：重点积累 “形近词辨析”（如 altitude/latitude/multitude）和 “短语动词”（如 give off/shed），结合真题语境记忆搭配；
- 阅读：强化 “细节定位” 和 “合理推断” 能力，关注学术文本中的 “逻辑连接词”（如 more than, hence, in turn），通过这类词汇梳理文章脉络；
- 翻译：注重 “术语准确” 和 “逻辑衔接”，练习将英文长句拆解为中文短句（如拆分含多个 that 从句的复合句），提升译文流畅度。
- 专业课备考：
- 结合昆明理工大学 “材料科学与工程、矿业工程、冶金工程” 等优势学科，重点掌握核心理论（如材料结构与性能、采矿方法、冶金工艺），关注 “理论 + 工程案例” 的结合（如真题中 “矿物加工工程” 需结合实际生产流程）；
- 通过真题练习，总结工科论述题的答题框架（如 “原理 + 公式 + 案例 + 应用局限”），提升学术表达的严谨性。
通过系统利用真题资料和科学的备考方法，考生可高效提升考博应试能力，助力顺利上岸昆明理工大学博士研究生。
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