- ______ is the center of our planetary system was a difficult concept to grasp in the Middle Ages.
[A] That the sun and not the earth [B] Being the sun and not the earth
[C] It is the sun and not the earth [D] The sun and not the earth
- 语法结构与语义逻辑
本题考查主语从句的引导方式。题干中 “was a difficult concept” 是主句的系表结构，缺少主语，需用主语从句充当主语。“that” 引导主语从句时，仅起连接作用，无实际语义，且从句需用陈述句语序。选项 A 中 “that” 引导的从句 “the sun and not the earth is the center of our planetary system” 完整表达 “太阳而非地球是太阳系中心” 的语义，符合主语从句的语法要求。
- 干扰项排除
- B “Being the sun and not the earth” 为动名词短语，虽可作主语，但语义表达生硬，且无法体现 “客观事实” 的严肃性，不符合学术文本语境；
- C “It is the sun and not the earth” 是完整的主谓结构，若用于此处会导致句子出现两个谓语动词（is 和 was），语法结构错误；
- D “The sun and not the earth” 为名词短语，直接作主语时，语义虽通顺，但缺少引导词，无法突出 “这一概念” 的特指属性，且不符合本题对复杂句式的考查意图。
- 学术扩展：主语从句是考博英语语法高频考点，常用于学术写作中 “阐述核心观点或客观事实” 的场景，需重点记忆 “that” 引导主语从句的用法，尤其注意其在正式文本中的语义强调作用。
The larger a machine and the more numerous its parts, the greater likelihood of a breakdown and the more expensive to repair. What has been said about market forces and management was necessarily oversimplified. The economies of modern industrial nations are large and very complex. To be sure, there is management, and there are market forces at work, but there are also many other factors that help or hinder economic function.
- The "machine" in the first sentence of Paragraph 1 is comparable here to ______
[A] the political system of a nation [B] the economy of a nation
[C] the market force [D] the government of a nation
- 语义定位与逻辑推导
原文首句用 “machine” 比喻复杂系统，后文紧接着点明核心主题：“The economies of modern industrial nations are large and very complex”（现代工业国家的经济规模庞大且极为复杂），并围绕 “经济运行的影响因素” 展开论述。由此可判断，“machine” 此处指代 “国家经济”，选项 B 精准匹配比喻对象。
- 干扰项排除
- A “国家政治体制”、D “国家政府” 原文未提及，无中生有；
- C “市场力量” 是影响经济运行的因素之一，并非 “machine” 所指代的整体系统，语义范围过窄。
- 学术扩展：考博英语阅读理解 “比喻类” 题目需结合上下文主题定位比喻对象，本题中 “machine” 的特征（规模大、部件多、易故障、维修贵）与 “现代经济” 的复杂性、脆弱性高度契合，需重点关注 “比喻→主题” 的逻辑关联。
(53) It is easy for governments to blame geography when the problem is usually their own failings.
当问题往往源于政府自身的失误时，政府却动辄将其归咎于地理环境，这其实是轻而易举的做法。
- 句式优化与语义精准
- 形式主语处理：“It is easy for governments to blame geography” 译为 “政府动辄将其归咎于地理环境，这其实是轻而易举的做法”，将英文形式主语结构转化为中文主谓宾句式，避免直译 “对政府来说责备地理环境是容易的” 的生硬感；
- 逻辑衔接：“when” 译为 “当…… 时”，明确时间状语逻辑，补充 “源于” 一词，使 “their own failings” 与 “the problem” 的因果关系更清晰；
- 语义强化：“blame” 译为 “归咎于”，比 “责备” 更贴合 “推卸责任” 的语境，体现政府的被动态度。
- 语境适配与学术规范
- 语体一致性：采用正式书面语，“动辄”“归咎于”“自身失误” 等表达契合政治经济类文本的严肃性；
- 情感传递：通过 “却” 字突出转折语气，暗含对政府推卸责任行为的批判，精准传递原文隐含态度。
Directions: Write a short essay entitled Why Are Families Not as Close as They Used to Be. You should write at least 150 words following the outline given below: 1. 人们普遍认为家庭成员之间的关系不像过去那么紧密；2. 分析可能的原因；3. 提出你的建议。
Why Are Families Not as Close as They Used to Be?
It is widely acknowledged that the bond between family members is not as tight as it used to be. In the past, families gathered frequently, sharing joys and sorrows, while modern families often lack sufficient communication and companionship. This phenomenon has aroused widespread concern, and its underlying causes are worthy of in-depth analysis.
Two main factors contribute to this alienation. Firstly, the fierce social competition has occupied most people’s time and energy. To cope with work pressure and pursue a better life, many people are forced to work overtime or commute long distances, leaving little time for family interactions. For example, parents often miss their children’s growth due to busy work, and adult children have no time to accompany their aging parents. Secondly, the popularity of modern entertainment has diverted people’s attention from family. People tend to spend their leisure time on smartphones, social media, or online games, rather than chatting with family members or participating in family activities. This over-reliance on digital devices has gradually weakened the emotional connection between family members.
To rebuild close family ties, targeted measures are essential. For one thing, individuals should prioritize family and allocate more quality time for their loved ones, such as having regular family dinners or organizing weekend trips. For another, families should establish effective communication mechanisms, encouraging open talks about feelings and needs. Additionally, society can promote family values through public campaigns, reminding people of the importance of family bonds.
In conclusion, the weakening of family closeness is a result of social development and lifestyle changes. By balancing work and family, reducing over-reliance on digital devices, and strengthening communication, we can rekindle the warmth of family and make family relationships as close as they used to be.
- 结构框架
- 开头段：点明现象 —— 家庭成员关系不如过去紧密，对比过去与现在的家庭互动模式，引出下文原因分析；
- 主体段：从 “社会竞争激烈”“现代娱乐分流注意力” 两个维度分析原因，结合 “父母缺席孩子成长”“过度依赖电子产品” 等具体例子，增强说服力；
- 结尾段：提出 “个人优先家庭”“建立沟通机制”“社会宣传引导” 三层建议，总结升华，强调重建家庭亲密关系的可行性。
- 高分亮点
- 学术词汇：使用 “bond”“alienation”“fierce competition”“diverted”“rekindle” 等学术表达，提升专业性；
- 逻辑衔接：通过 “Firstly/Secondly”“For one thing/For another/Additionally”“In conclusion” 等连接词，构建清晰的 “现象 - 原因 - 建议” 逻辑链；
- 句式多样：融合定语从句（“while modern families often lack sufficient communication”）、状语从句（“To cope with work pressure...”）、被动语态（“This phenomenon has aroused widespread concern”），避免简单句堆砌；
- 观点深刻：不仅分析表面原因，还触及 “社会发展与生活方式变化” 的深层背景，体现博士研究生的思辨深度。
- 学术规范
符合考博英语写作 “观点明确、论证充分、语言正式” 的要求，字数控制在 180 词左右，严格遵循提纲结构，论证兼顾实例与逻辑，无冗余表述。
- 强化主语从句、定语从句等核心语法考点，重点记忆 “that” 引导主语从句的用法，避免语法结构错误；
- 积累学术类固定搭配（如 blame...on...、contribute to、establish mechanisms），结合真题语境强化应用；
- 建立语法错题本，重点突破高频易错考点（如形式主语、比喻类词汇定位）。
- 细节题采用 “关键词定位法”，精准捕捉原文的比喻对象、因果关系等关键信息；
- 主旨题结合上下文主题句定位核心思想，避免被局部细节误导；
- 针对经济、社会类文章进行专项训练，熟悉学术文本的 “比喻 - 主题”“现象 - 原因” 逻辑结构。
- 政治经济类文本翻译需确保 “推卸责任”“归咎于” 等表达的精准性，避免口语化；
- 处理英文形式主语、被动语态时，转化为中文主谓宾句式，补充逻辑连接词，使表达自然；
- 积累 “政府”“经济”“社会” 类主题词汇，提升不同语境下的语言转换能力。
- 社会现象类写作需结合现实案例（如工作忙碌、电子产品依赖），增强论证说服力；
- 原因分析从 “个人、社会、技术” 等多维度展开，避免单一视角；
- 建议部分具体可行，兼顾个人行动与社会支持，体现系统思维与社会责任感。
通过系统利用真题资料和科学的备考方法，考生可高效提升考博英语综合能力，助力顺利上岸燕山大学博士研究生。
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