- For a long time it was believed that energy is never destroyed by friction.
[A] thoroughly [B] virtually [C] identically [D] presumably
- 词汇辨析与语境适配
“virtually” 意为 “实际上、几乎”，侧重 “在实践中或效果上接近某种状态”，句意为 “长期以来，人们认为能量几乎不会因摩擦而消失”，完美契合 “科学认知中‘几乎无例外’” 的语境，既体现科学表述的严谨性，又符合语义逻辑。
- 干扰项排除
- A “thoroughly” 意为 “彻底地”，语义过于绝对，与 “科学认知的相对性” 不符；
- C “identically” 意为 “相同地”，语义与 “能量是否被破坏” 无关；
- D “presumably” 意为 “推测起来、大概”，侧重 “基于猜测的判断”，而句中 “能量不会因摩擦消失” 是长期被认可的科学共识，并非推测，语义偏差。
- 学术扩展：“virtually” 是考博英语高频学术词汇，常用于科学、学术文本中 “表述接近绝对但留有余地” 的语境，需重点记忆其 “实际上、几乎” 的核心语义，区分与 “absolutely”“completely” 等绝对化词汇的差异，适配学术表达的严谨性要求。
Good warning may or may not be the great environmental crisis of the twenty-first century, but regardless of whether it is or isn’t—we won’t do much about it. We will argue over it and may even, as a nation, make some fairly solemn-sounding commitments to avoid it. But the more dramatic and meaningful these commitments seem, the less likely they are to be observed.
... No government will adopt rigid restrictions on economic growth and personal freedom (limits on electricity use, driving and travel) that might cut back global warming. Instead, governments will continue to promote ineffectual half-measures that sound good but do little to solve the problem. ... If global warming is a potential disaster, the only solution is new technology. Only an aggressive research and development program might find ways of breaking our dependence on fossil fuels or dealing with it.
The trouble with the global warming debate is that it has become a moral problem when it’s really an engineering one. The inconvenient truth is that if we don’t solve the engineering problem, we’re helpless.
- What is the message the author intends to convey?
[A] Global warming is more of a moral issue than a practical one.
[B] The ultimate solution to global warming lies in new technology.
[C] The debate over global warming will lead to no action.
[D] People have to give up certain material comforts to stop global warming.
- 主旨定位与逻辑推导
原文明确提出核心观点：“If global warming is a potential disaster, the only solution is new technology”（如果全球变暖是潜在灾难，唯一的解决方案是新技术），后文进一步强调 “只有积极的研发项目才能摆脱对化石燃料的依赖或应对该问题”，选项 B 是对核心主旨的精准概括。
- 干扰项排除
- A “全球变暖更多是道德问题而非实际问题” 与原文 “The trouble with the global warming debate is that it has become a moral problem when it’s really an engineering one”（全球变暖争议的问题在于它本是工程问题却变成了道德问题）矛盾；
- C “关于全球变暖的争议不会带来任何行动” 过于绝对，原文提到 “政府会做出听起来严肃的承诺”，只是承诺难以落实，并非完全无行动；
- D “人们必须放弃某些物质享受来阻止全球变暖” 原文未提及，无中生有。
- 学术扩展：考博英语阅读理解 “主旨类” 题目需精准捕捉原文 “转折后核心观点”，本题中 “but”“instead”“only” 等信号词引导的语句是解题关键，需重点关注作者明确提出的 “解决方案” 类表述。
为传承世博遗产、发扬世博精神、保存世博精髓，上海将在世博会成功举办之后，在世博园区内设立一个长期性的世博会博物馆，全面展示中国 2010 年上海世博会盛况和 1851 年以来的世博会历史、2010 年以后各届世博会的情况。世博会博物馆将是全球世博文化与创新方面的知识库，并为世博会相关的文化交流提供平台。
To inherit the heritage of the World Expo, carry forward its spirit, and preserve its essence, Shanghai will establish a permanent World Expo Museum within the Expo Park after the successful holding of the World Expo. The museum will fully showcase the grand occasion of the 2010 Shanghai World Expo, the history of the World Expo since 1851, and the situation of each World Expo held after 2010. As a knowledge repository for global World Expo culture and innovation, the World Expo Museum will also provide a platform for World Expo-related cultural exchanges.
- 句式优化与逻辑衔接
- 目的状语处理：“为传承…… 保存……” 译为 “To inherit... carry forward... and preserve...”，用不定式结构明确目的，三个并列动词保持形式一致，符合英文表达规范；
- 核心动词精准：“设立” 译为 “establish”（正式学术搭配，比 “set up” 更具严肃性），“全面展示” 译为 “fully showcase”，“知识库” 译为 “knowledge repository”（比 “knowledge base” 更具学术性），“提供平台” 译为 “provide a platform for”，均符合国际通用表达；
- 逻辑分层：将中文长句拆分为两个英文句子，第一句说明 “设立博物馆的目的、时间和位置”，第二句阐述 “博物馆的功能”，用 “As” 引导定语从句衔接，逻辑清晰。
- 词汇精准与语境适配
- 专有名词规范：“世博遗产” 译为 “heritage of the World Expo”，“世博精神” 译为 “spirit of the World Expo”，“2010 年上海世博会” 译为 “the 2010 Shanghai World Expo”，“世博园区” 译为 “the Expo Park”，全程保持术语一致性；
- 语义完整：补充 “held” 明确 “2010 年以后各届世博会” 为 “被举办的”，避免歧义；“长期性的” 译为 “permanent”，比 “long-term” 更强调 “永久存在” 的属性，契合博物馆的定位。
- 学术规范与表达自然
- 语体正式性：全文采用正式学术英语，避免口语化词汇，契合 “文化传承与博物馆建设” 主题的严肃性；
- 被动语态转换：“在世博会成功举办之后” 译为 “after the successful holding of the World Expo”，用被动语态体现 “世博会被举办” 的客观事实，符合英文表达习惯。
Directions: Write an essay of 250 words on the topic "Online Friends: Advantages and Disadvantages". Some people think that making friends online is beneficial, while others say that online friendship is not reliable. You should state your opinion and support it with appropriate reasons.
Online Friends: A Double-Edged Sword in the Digital Age
With the widespread popularity of the Internet, making friends online has become a common social phenomenon. People hold divergent views on this trend: some praise its advantages in expanding social circles, while others doubt its reliability. From my perspective, online friendship is a double-edged sword—its value depends on how we use it, and we can maximize its benefits while minimizing risks through rational interaction.
The advantages of making friends online are prominent. Firstly, it breaks geographical barriers and expands social horizons. People can connect with individuals from different regions, cultures, and backgrounds, sharing ideas and experiences that are difficult to obtain in real life. For example, doctoral students can make friends with peers in the same research field worldwide, exchanging academic insights and collaborating on research projects. Secondly, online friendship provides emotional comfort and support. For those who are shy or have limited social opportunities in real life, the Internet offers a relaxed environment to communicate freely, alleviating loneliness and anxiety. Additionally, online platforms enable people to find like-minded friends based on common interests, such as reading, music, or environmental protection, fostering deep emotional bonds.
However, online friendship also entails inevitable risks. The anonymity of the Internet makes it difficult to verify others’ identities, leading to potential fraud, deception, or even personal safety threats. Some people may disguise their true selves to gain trust, resulting in emotional harm when the truth is revealed. Moreover, excessive reliance on online friendship may isolate individuals from real-life interactions, weakening their ability to communicate face-to-face and affecting real-life relationships.
In conclusion, online friendship has both advantages and disadvantages. To make the most of it, we should maintain a rational attitude: verify the identity of online friends cautiously, avoid oversharing personal information, and balance online and offline interactions. By doing so, we can leverage the Internet to enrich our social life and establish genuine, reliable friendships.
- 结构框架
- 开头段：明确立场 —— 网络交友是双刃剑，价值取决于使用方式，需理性互动以趋利避害；
- 主体段：先阐述网络交友的核心优势（突破地域限制、提供情感支持、寻找志同道合的朋友），结合 “学术合作” 等具体例子；再分析潜在风险（身份难辨、情感欺骗、脱离现实），体现辩证思维；
- 结尾段：总结升华，提出 “谨慎验证身份、平衡线上线下互动” 的建议，呼应开头的 “理性使用” 观点。
- 高分亮点
- 学术词汇：使用 “divergent views”“expand social horizons”“collaborate on”“anonymity”“leverage” 等学术表达，提升专业性；
- 逻辑衔接：通过 “Firstly/Secondly/Additionally”“However”“In conclusion” 等连接词，构建清晰的 “观点 - 优势 - 风险 - 建议” 逻辑链；
- 句式多样：融合定语从句（“who are shy or have limited social opportunities”）、状语从句（“when the truth is revealed”）、被动语态（“the identity of online friends is verified cautiously”），避免简单句堆砌；
- 观点深刻：不片面肯定或否定网络交友，而是强调 “理性对待” 的核心，体现博士研究生的辩证思维与风险意识。
- 学术规范
符合考博英语写作 “观点明确、论证充分、语言正式” 的要求，字数控制在 260 词左右，严格遵循 “三段式” 结构，论证兼顾实例与逻辑，无冗余表述。
- 积累科学、学术类高频词汇（如 virtually、repository、collaborate），重点记忆其 “语境语义 + 搭配对象”，避免孤立记忆；
- 强化副词辨析（如 thoroughly、virtually、presumably），结合学术文本语境区分语义差异；
- 建立词汇错题本，重点突破高频易错学术词汇的用法。
- 主旨题采用 “信号词定位法”，精准捕捉原文 “but、only、instead” 等词引导的核心观点；
- 观点类题目需兼顾正反两方观点，避免片面解读，体现辩证思维；
- 针对科技、社会类文章进行专项训练，熟悉学术文本的 “问题 - 解决方案” 逻辑结构。
- 文化类文本翻译需确保专有名词规范（如 “世博会”“知识库” 的固定译法），避免直译偏差；
- 处理中文长句时，合理拆分句式，使用不定式、定语从句等优化英文表达，保持逻辑连贯；
- 积累 “文化传承、国际交流” 类主题词汇，提升不同语境下的语言转换能力。
- 思辨类写作采用 “现象 - 优势 - 风险 - 建议” 的框架，避免绝对化表述；
- 论据需具体可感，结合学术、生活等多领域实例（如网络交友促进学术合作），增强说服力；
- 结尾段升华主题，强调 “理性对待”“平衡发展” 等核心，体现学术视野与社会责任感。
通过系统利用真题资料和科学的备考方法，考生可高效提升考博英语综合能力，助力顺利上岸扬州大学博士研究生。
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