With the possible exception of equal rights, perhaps the most heated argument across the United States today is the death penalty. Many argue that it is an effective deterrent to murder, while others think there is no enough proof that the death penalty reduces the number of murders.
... In our opinion, the death penalty is a necessary action. Throughout recorded history there have always been those peculiar persons in every society who made terrible crimes such as murder. ... The majority of people believe that the death penalty protects them. Their belief is proved by the fact that the death penalty prevents murder. For example, from 1954 to 1963, when the death penalty was carried out from time to time in California, the murder rate remained between three and four murders for each 100,000 population. Since 1964 the death penalty has been done only once, and the murder rate has risen to 10.4 murders for each 100,000 population. ... If the law about death penalty is vetoed, some people will be murdered -- some whose lives may have been saved if the death penalty were in effect.
- The author’s attitude towards “death penalty” is ______
[A] opposing [B] supporting [C] neutral [D] sarcastic
- 态度定位与逻辑推导
原文明确表达核心立场：“In our opinion, the death penalty is a necessary action”（我们认为死刑是必要的举措），随后通过加利福尼亚州的案例（死刑执行期间谋杀率低，执行减少后谋杀率飙升）佐证 “死刑具有威慑力”，并强调 “否决死刑法案会导致更多人遇害”，全程围绕 “支持死刑” 展开论证，选项 B 精准匹配作者态度。
- 干扰项排除
- A “反对” 与原文核心观点完全矛盾；
- C “中立” 不符合原文 “明确表达支持态度并提供案例佐证” 的表述，作者未客观呈现正反两方观点后保持中立；
- D “讽刺” 原文无任何讽刺性语言或反讽逻辑，均为严肃的观点陈述与事实论证。
- 学术扩展：考博英语阅读理解 “态度类” 题目需重点关注 “in our opinion”“we believe” 等明确立场的信号词，以及案例、数据等支撑性内容，本题中 “案例论证 + 后果警示” 共同强化了作者的支持态度，需避免被 “正反两方争议” 的开篇表象误导。
I suppose I slept for several hours because when I woke up it was already the middle of the night. I felt cold but covered myself up as well as I could and tried to go back to sleep. Then I realized that a draft was coming from the window opposite. I thought perhaps I had forgotten to close the door, so I got up to shut the door but found it already locked from the inside. The cold air was coming from the window opposite. I crossed the room and as I did so the moon shone through it on to the other bed. There was no one there. It took me a minute or two to remember locking the door myself. I realized that my companion ______ through the window into the sea.
- [A] has to jump [B] was to have jumped [C] must have jumped [D] could be jumped
- 语法结构与语境逻辑
本题考查情态动词表 “对过去事情的推测”。原文语境为 “作者发现同伴的床上没人，门从内部锁着，窗户有冷风灌入”，由此可推测同伴 “一定是从窗户跳进海里了”。“must have + 过去分词” 表示对过去发生事情的肯定推测，符合语境逻辑。
- 干扰项排除
- A “has to jump” 表示 “不得不跳”，为一般现在时的客观要求，与 “过去发生的事件” 时态不符；
- B “was to have jumped” 表示 “本打算跳却没跳成”，与 “床上没人” 的事实矛盾；
- D “could be jumped” 为被动语态，“jump” 为不及物动词，无被动形式，语法结构错误。
- 学术扩展：情态动词表推测是考博英语完形填空高频考点，需重点记忆 “must have done（肯定推测）”“might have done（可能推测）”“could have done（本可以做却没做）” 的用法差异，此类结构常用于学术文本中 “基于证据的合理推断” 场景。
- While more recent theories on the matter suggest that there is more overlap among these stages and that different environments affect children's progress, Piaget’s theory was nonetheless extremely important to initial studies of cognitive development.
尽管关于这一问题的近期理论表明，这些阶段之间存在更多重叠，且不同环境会影响儿童的发展，但皮亚杰的理论对认知发展的早期研究仍然具有极其重要的意义。
- 句式优化与逻辑衔接
- 让步逻辑处理：“While” 译为 “尽管”，精准传递让步关系，符合中文表达习惯；
- 宾语从句拆分：将 “suggest that” 引导的两个并列宾语从句译为 “这些阶段之间存在更多重叠，且不同环境会影响儿童的发展”，拆分长句使语义更清晰；
- 语义强化：“nonetheless” 译为 “仍然”，“extremely important” 译为 “极其重要的意义”，增强语气，体现皮亚杰理论的重要性。
- 词汇精准与语境适配
- 核心术语翻译：“overlap” 译为 “重叠”（学术固定译法），“cognitive development” 译为 “认知发展”（心理学专业术语），“initial studies” 译为 “早期研究”，均符合学术文本规范；
- 指代明确：“these stages” 译为 “这些阶段”，结合上下文明确指代皮亚杰提出的 “认知发展阶段”，避免语义模糊。
- 学术规范与表达自然
- 语体一致性：全文采用正式学术汉语，避免口语化表达，契合心理学理论类文本的严肃性；
- 时态适配：“was extremely important” 译为 “具有极其重要的意义”，将过去时转化为中文的状态描述，更自然流畅。
- 态度类题目关注 “in our opinion”“we believe” 等立场信号词，结合案例、数据判断作者倾向；
- 细节题采用 “关键词定位法”，精准捕捉原文的因果、转折等逻辑关系；
- 针对社会热点、学术理论类文章进行专项训练，熟悉相关主题词汇与表达逻辑。
- 强化情态动词表推测、时态一致等核心语法考点，重点记忆 “must have done” 等高频结构；
- 结合上下文语境推导空格词汇，关注逻辑连接词（如 but、so、however）引导的语义转折或递进；
- 积累动词短语、固定搭配，提升选词准确性。
- 学术类文本翻译需确保专业术语精准（如 “认知发展”“学术交流”），避免直译偏差；
- 处理英文长句时，合理拆分句式，使用从句、分词短语优化中文表达，保持逻辑连贯；
- 积累心理学、教育类主题词汇，提升不同语境下的语言转换能力。
- 社会政策类写作需客观分析 “成效与不足”，避免片面表述；
- 论据需具体可感，结合教育、科研等领域实例（如农村教育资源不均、高校科研经费短缺），增强说服力；
- 结尾段升华主题，关联 “教育发展” 与 “国家进步”，体现学术视野与格局。
通过系统利用真题资料和科学的备考方法，考生可高效提升考博英语综合能力，助力顺利上岸云南大学博士研究生。
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