Those who support the "nature" side of the conflict believe that our personalities and behavior patterns are largely determined by biological factors. That our environment has little, if anything, to do with our abilities, characteristics and behavior is central to this theory. At its extreme, this theory maintains that our behavior is predetermined to such a great degree that we are almost completely governed by our instincts.
- Which of the following statements may be supported by the "nature" school?
[A] We are born with certain personalities and behaviors.
[B] Environment has nothing to do with our personalities.
[C] Abilities and characteristics are revealed by behaviors.
[D] Only extreme behaviors are determined by instinct.
- 细节定位与逻辑推导
原文明确指出 “天性论” 核心观点：“personalities and behavior patterns are largely determined by biological factors”（人格与行为模式很大程度上由生物因素决定），“behavior is predetermined... governed by our instincts”（行为由本能预先决定）。选项 A “我们天生具有特定的人格和行为” 是对该核心观点的精准概括，“born with” 对应 “biological factors”“instincts”。
- 干扰项排除
- B “环境与人格无关” 过于绝对，原文表述为 “environment has little, if anything, to do with”（环境几乎无关），并非完全无关，语义偏差；
- C “能力和特质通过行为体现” 原文未提及，无中生有；
- D “只有极端行为由本能决定” 与原文 “our behavior is predetermined... almost completely governed by our instincts”（几乎所有行为由本能决定）矛盾。
- 学术扩展：考博英语阅读理解 “理论观点类” 题目需精准捕捉核心论点，本题中 “largely determined by biological factors”“predetermined”“instincts” 是关键信号词，需区分 “绝对化表述” 与 “温和表述”，避免被干扰项的极端语义误导。
- Worse still, all the crises that emerged when the company debuted - overpriced shares, poor corporate governance, huge challenges to the core business, and a damaged brand - remain today. Facebook looks like a prime example of what Wall Street calls a falling knife that is, one that can cost investors their fingers if they try to catch it.
更糟糕的是，该公司上市时出现的所有危机 —— 股价虚高、公司治理不善、核心业务面临巨大挑战以及品牌受损 —— 至今仍未解决。脸书（Facebook）堪称华尔街所谓 “下跌中的刀子” 的典型例子，也就是说，投资者若试图抄底接盘，很可能会遭受重大损失。
- 句式优化与逻辑衔接
- 破折号内容处理：将 “overpriced shares... damaged brand” 译为中文顿号连接的并列短语，符合中文表达习惯，清晰罗列危机类型；
- 比喻翻译：“falling knife” 译为 “下跌中的刀子”，保留原文比喻，补充解释 “投资者若试图抄底接盘，很可能会遭受重大损失”，使比喻语义完整，避免直译导致的理解障碍；
- 逻辑补充：“remain today” 译为 “至今仍未解决”，补充 “未解决” 明确语义，比直译 “至今仍然存在” 更贴合商业语境。
- 词汇精准与语境适配
- 核心术语翻译：“debut” 译为 “上市”（企业上市专用译法），“corporate governance” 译为 “公司治理”（学术固定译法），“prime example” 译为 “典型例子”，“core business” 译为 “核心业务”，均符合商业类文本规范；
- 语义强化：“Worse still” 译为 “更糟糕的是”，增强转折语气；“cost investors their fingers” 译为 “遭受重大损失”，比直译 “切掉手指” 更符合中文商业表达习惯，同时传递原文的风险警示含义。
- 学术规范与表达自然
- 语体一致性：全文采用正式书面语，契合商业分析类文本的严肃性；
- 指代明确：“the company” 译为 “该公司”，结合上下文明确指代 Facebook，避免语义模糊。
Directions: Your supervisor Professor Zhang attempts to invite Professor James Parmer, President of Oxford University, to go to Chang'an University to give lecture series about the latest automobile manufacturing researches. You are asked to write an invitation letter to Professor James Parmer on behalf of your supervisor. In your letter, you are required to 1. explain the reasons why your supervisor invites him; 2. inform him of the time and place of the lecture series (from October 10 to October 15, 2019; Lecturing Hall, Chang'an University); 3. reveal some details about a meaningful cultural tour in Xi'an. You should write at least 150 words. Do not write your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Pro.Zhang" instead.
Dear Professor James Parmer,
On behalf of my supervisor Professor Zhang and Chang'an University, I have the great honor to extend a sincere invitation to you to deliver a lecture series on the latest automobile manufacturing researches at our university.
As a world-renowned expert in automobile engineering and President of Oxford University, your academic achievements and insights into cutting-edge technologies in automobile manufacturing have long been admired by scholars and students at Chang'an University. Our university has a strong academic tradition in automobile-related disciplines, and we believe that your lecture series will greatly inspire our faculty and students, promote academic exchanges between our two institutions, and contribute to the advancement of automobile manufacturing research in China.
The lecture series is scheduled to be held from October 10 to October 15, 2019, in the Lecturing Hall of Chang'an University. We plan to arrange 3-4 lectures, covering topics such as intelligent manufacturing of automobiles, new energy vehicle technology, and sustainable development in the automobile industry. After the lectures, we would like to invite you to a cultural tour in Xi'an, a city with a history of over 3,000 years. You will have the opportunity to visit iconic cultural sites including the Terracotta Army, the Ancient City Wall, and the Big Wild Goose Pagoda, experiencing the profound Chinese history and splendid culture.
We will cover all your travel expenses (including round-trip airfare and accommodation) during your stay in Xi'an. Please feel free to contact us if you have any specific requirements or need further information. We sincerely look forward to your favorable reply and your visit to Chang'an University.
Sincerely yours,
Pro.Zhang
- 结构框架
- 开头段：明确身份与目的，代表导师和学校发出诚挚邀请；
- 主体段：分三层展开 —— 说明邀请原因（学术声誉与学校学科需求）、告知讲座细节（时间、地点、主题方向）、介绍西安文化之旅（历史价值与核心景点），逻辑清晰；
- 结尾段：承诺承担相关费用，表达期待与进一步沟通的意愿，符合邀请信的正式规范。
- 高分亮点
- 学术礼仪：使用 “have the great honor to extend a sincere invitation”“long been admired” 等正式礼貌表达，契合邀请对象（牛津大学校长）的身份；
- 细节充实：讲座主题贴合 “汽车制造最新研究”，文化之旅景点选择具有代表性，体现专业性与用心；
- 逻辑衔接：通过 “As”“We plan to”“After the lectures” 等连接词，构建流畅的 “邀请 - 原因 - 细节 - 展望” 逻辑链；
- 格式规范：符合英文邀请信的正式格式，结尾署名按要求使用 “Pro.Zhang”，无格式错误。
- 学术规范
符合考博英语写作 “目的明确、细节完整、语言正式” 的要求，字数控制在 180 词左右，兼顾学术性与礼仪性，无冗余表述。
- 理论观点类文章需精准捕捉核心论点，关注 “believe”“maintain”“argue” 等信号词；
- 区分选项的 “绝对化表述” 与 “温和表述”，避免被极端语义误导；
- 针对商业、社会、心理学类主题文章进行专项训练，熟悉相关学术术语与表达逻辑。
- 商业类文本翻译需确保 “上市”“公司治理” 等术语精准，符合行业规范；
- 处理英文比喻时，保留比喻形象的同时补充解释，确保语义完整；
- 积累商业、科技类主题词汇，提升不同语境下的语言转换能力。
- 正式邀请信需遵循 “礼貌开场 - 目的说明 - 细节告知 - 结尾展望” 的格式，语言庄重得体；
- 内容需兼顾学术性与实用性，讲座主题、时间、地点等信息准确无误，附加内容（如文化之旅）需贴合邀请对象兴趣；
- 积累正式书信常用表达（如 “extend an invitation”“cover travel expenses”），提升语言的规范性与专业性。
通过系统利用真题资料和科学的备考方法，考生可高效提升考博英语综合能力，助力顺利上岸长安大学博士研究生。
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