Jill Ker Conway, president of Smith, echoes the prevailing view of contemporary technology when she says that "anyone in today's world who doesn't understand data processing is not educated." But she insists that the increasing emphasis on these matters leaves certain gaps. Says she: "The very strongly utilitarian emphasis in education, which is an effect of man-made satellites and the cold war, has really moved us from this notion—something that was very profound in its 18th and 19th century roots, which was a sense that literacy and learning were ends in themselves for a democratic republic."
- The first paragraph shows that Jill Ker Conway accepts the utilitarian emphasis in education ______
[A] wholeheartedly [B] with reservation [C] against her own will [D] with contempt
- 态度定位与逻辑推导
原文中 Jill Ker Conway 先认同 “不懂数据处理不算受过教育” 这一主流观点，随后用 “but” 转折，强调 “功利主义教育导向存在漏洞”，指出其偏离了 “读写与学习本身即是目的” 的传统理念。由此可见，她对功利主义教育并非全盘接受，而是 “有保留地认可”，选项 B 精准匹配其态度。
- 干扰项排除
- A “全心全意地” 与转折后的批判态度矛盾；
- C “违背自身意愿地” 原文未体现被迫接受的语境，无中生有；
- D “轻蔑地” 语义过重，原文仅为客观指出不足，无轻蔑情绪。
- 学术扩展：考博英语阅读理解 “态度类” 题目需重点关注转折词（如 but、however）引导的语义转换，本题中 “echoes the prevailing view” 与 “insists that... leaves certain gaps” 形成态度递进，体现 “表面认同、深层有保留” 的复杂态度，需避免被单一表述误导。
Proponents of this innateness theory say that our potential for language is inborn, but that language itself develops gradually, as a function of the growth of the brain during childhood. Therefore there are critical ______ times for language development.
- [A] ideological [B] biological [C] social [D] psychological
- 词汇辨析与语境适配
“biological” 意为 “生物的、生理的”，结合前文 “language itself develops gradually as a function of the growth of the brain during childhood”（语言发展是童年时期大脑发育的函数），可知语言发展的关键期与生理发育（大脑成长）紧密相关，“biological times”（生理关键期）符合语境逻辑。
- 干扰项排除
- A “ideological” 意为 “意识形态的”，与大脑发育、语言发展的生理基础无关；
- C “social” 意为 “社会的”，原文未提及社会因素对语言关键期的影响；
- D “psychological” 意为 “心理的”，侧重心理状态，而原文强调的是大脑发育这一生理过程。
- 学术扩展：“biological critical period”（生物关键期）是语言学与心理学交叉领域的核心概念，指个体发展过程中生理层面对某种能力（如语言）学习最敏感的时期，需重点记忆其与 “brain growth”“childhood development” 的语义关联，适配学术文本中 “先天能力 + 后天生理发育” 的论证逻辑。
如果将保护地球的自然系统视作某种道德选择的话，就完全误解了当今人们所面临的危机。当前的挑战是关乎于人类社会的未来，而不是交给某些博爱慷慨的善心人士，来做一些随意的慈善。并不是要保护自然免受人类的侵害，而是为了人类而保护自然 -- 能让这样的观念深入人心才是改变思路的核心内容。要知道，我们正承受着自身所作所为带来的一系列后果。全世界都需要知道，一个健康的自然世界并不是某些偶然善举带来的，而是一系列重要物质资产的集合。
To regard the protection of the Earth’s natural systems as a moral choice is a complete misunderstanding of the crisis humanity faces today. The current challenge is about the future of human society, not about leaving it to some philanthropic and generous individuals to engage in random charity. The goal is not to protect nature from humans, but to protect nature for humans—and embedding this concept in people’s minds is the core of changing our mindset. We must recognize that we are now bearing the consequences of our own actions. The whole world needs to understand that a healthy natural world is not the result of occasional acts of kindness, but a collection of vital material assets.
- 句式优化与逻辑衔接
- 主语转换：“将保护…… 视作……” 译为 “To regard... as...”，用不定式结构作主语，符合英文表达习惯；
- 逻辑强化：“不是…… 而是……” 译为 “not... but...”，精准传递对比逻辑；“能让这样的观念深入人心” 译为 “embedding this concept in people’s minds”，现在分词短语体现 “主动渗透” 的语义，比直译 “make this concept popular” 更具学术性；
- 语义精准：“随意的慈善” 译为 “random charity”，“偶然善举” 译为 “occasional acts of kindness”，区分 “随意” 与 “偶然” 的语义差异。
- 词汇精准与语境适配
- 核心短语翻译：“自然系统” 译为 “natural systems”（学术固定译法），“道德选择” 译为 “moral choice”，“物质资产” 译为 “material assets”，“承受后果” 译为 “bearing the consequences”，均符合环境类学术文本规范；
- 术语统一：“保护自然” 全程译为 “protect nature”，保持表述一致性；“改变思路” 译为 “changing our mindset”，比 “changing our thinking” 更贴合 “深层认知转变” 的语境。
- 学术规范与表达自然
- 语体一致性：全文采用正式学术英语，避免口语化词汇，契合 “环境保护 + 社会认知” 主题的严肃性；
- 时态统一：描述客观事实用一般现在时，保持句式连贯；
- 语义完整：无遗漏 “关乎人类社会的未来”“一系列重要物质资产” 等核心内容，语义传递全面无偏差。
Directions: Write an essay commenting on the opinion that "personal happiness is entirely related to economic success". You should give examples to illustrate your point of view. (150-200 words)
Personal Happiness: Beyond Mere Economic Success
The view that personal happiness is entirely related to economic success is overly simplistic. While economic stability can provide a foundation for happiness by meeting basic material needs, true happiness stems from multiple dimensions—emotional bonds, personal growth, and a sense of purpose—rather than financial prosperity alone.
Economic success may alleviate worries about food, shelter, and healthcare, but it cannot guarantee happiness. For example, many wealthy individuals suffer from loneliness, anxiety, or a lack of meaning, as their pursuit of wealth often comes at the cost of family time and personal interests. In contrast, ordinary people with modest incomes often find happiness in warm family gatherings, fulfilling work, or voluntary activities. A teacher who devotes themselves to educating children, a volunteer who helps the disadvantaged, or a couple who supports each other through hardships—all these people gain profound happiness that money cannot buy.
In conclusion, economic success is a contributing factor to happiness but not the sole determinant. To pursue true happiness, we should balance material pursuits with emotional fulfillment and personal growth. Only by valuing relationships, following our passions, and contributing to society can we achieve lasting happiness.
- 结构框架
- 开头段：明确立场 —— 个人幸福与经济成功并非完全相关，幸福源于多维度因素；
- 主体段：先承认经济成功的基础作用，再通过 “富人的孤独” 与 “普通人的幸福” 对比，结合教师、志愿者等实例，论证幸福的多元来源；
- 结尾段：总结升华，强调 “平衡物质追求与精神满足” 的重要性，呼应开头。
- 高分亮点
- 学术词汇：使用 “overly simplistic”“economic stability”“emotional bonds”“profound happiness”“sole determinant” 等学术表达，提升专业性；
- 逻辑衔接：通过 “While”“but”“For example”“In contrast”“In conclusion” 等连接词，构建清晰的 “反驳 - 论证 - 总结” 逻辑链；
- 句式多样：融合定语从句（“who devotes themselves to educating children”）、状语从句（“as their pursuit of wealth often comes at the cost...”）、并列结构（“valuing relationships, following our passions, and contributing to society”），避免简单句堆砌；
- 观点深刻：不否定经济成功的作用，而是强调其 “非唯一性”，体现博士研究生的辩证思维。
- 学术规范
符合考博英语写作 “观点明确、论证充分、语言正式” 的要求，字数控制在 180 词左右，论证兼顾对比与实例，无冗余表述。
- 态度类题目关注转折词（but、however）引导的语义转换，区分 “表面认同” 与 “深层立场”；
- 细节题采用 “关键词定位法”，精准捕捉原文的对比、因果等逻辑关系；
- 针对教育、经济、环境类主题文章进行专项训练，熟悉相关学术术语与表达逻辑。
- 积累语言学、心理学等交叉领域高频学术词汇（如 biological、critical period、mindset），重点记忆其语义搭配；
- 结合上下文逻辑（如因果、递进）推导空格词汇，确保语义与主题一致；
- 建立词汇错题本，重点突破 “形近词辨析 + 固定搭配” 考点。
- 环境、社会类文本翻译需确保 “自然系统”“物质资产” 等术语精准，符合学术规范；
- 处理中文长句时，合理拆分句式，使用不定式、分词短语等优化英文表达，保持逻辑连贯；
- 积累 “保护自然”“经济发展” 类主题词汇，提升不同语境下的语言转换能力。
- 思辨类写作需避免绝对化表述，承认经济成功的基础作用，再论证其他幸福来源；
- 论据需结合 “对比实例 + 具体场景”（如富人与普通人的幸福差异），增强说服力；
- 结尾段升华主题，关联 “精神满足”“社会贡献” 等深层价值，体现学术视野与格局。
通过系统利用真题资料和科学的备考方法，考生可高效提升考博英语综合能力，助力顺利上岸浙江工业大学博士研究生。
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