During the 1980s and 1990s there has been a growing swing away from seeing lifestyle risks as the root cause of poor health. While lifestyle factors are important, there is a growing realization of the social, economic and environmental contexts in which people live. This broad approach to health was endorsed at the first International Conference of Health Promotion held in 1986... A broad socio-ecological view of health suggests that the promotion of health must include a strong social, economic and environmental focus.
- The socio-ecological view of health recognizes that lifestyle habits and the provision of adequate healthcare are critical factors governing health.
[YES/NO/NOT GIVEN]
- 细节定位与逻辑推导
原文明确指出社会生态健康观的核心：“While lifestyle factors are important, there is a growing realization of the social, economic and environmental contexts”（生活方式因素很重要，同时人们日益意识到社会、经济和环境背景的重要性），且强调健康促进需 “include a strong social, economic and environmental focus”。题干中 “lifestyle habits（生活方式习惯）” 对应原文 “lifestyle factors”，“the provision of adequate healthcare（充足医疗服务的提供）” 属于社会生态视角下 “社会经济背景” 的核心内容，二者均被认定为 “影响健康的关键因素”，与原文语义完全一致。
- 干扰排除
- 无否定或矛盾表述：原文未弱化生活方式或医疗服务的重要性，仅强调其需与社会、经济、环境因素结合，题干表述未偏离核心；
- 语义覆盖完整：题干包含的两大关键因素均在原文社会生态健康观的覆盖范围内，无遗漏或新增信息。
- 学术扩展：考博英语阅读理解 “YES/NO/NOT GIVEN” 题型需精准匹配 “题干核心要素与原文语义”，本题中 “critical factors governing health” 是对原文 “important”“strong focus” 的同义转换，需重点关注学术文本中 “核心要素并列” 的逻辑，避免被 “多因素并存” 的表述误导。
It is research that is guaranteed to delight men -and infuriate the women in their lives. A controversial new study has claimed that men really are more intelligent than women. The study concluded that men's IQs are almost four points higher than women's. British-born researcher John Philippe Rushton, who previously created a furore by suggesting intelligence is influenced by race, says the finding could explain why so few women make it to the top in the workplace. He claims the glass ceiling phenomenon is probably due to inferior intelligence, rather than discrimination or lack of opportunity.
这项研究注定会让男性感到高兴 —— 却会激怒他们身边的女性。一项颇具争议的新研究声称，男性确实比女性更聪明。该研究得出结论：男性的智商比女性高出近 4 分。英国出生的研究员约翰・菲利普・拉什顿此前曾因提出 “智力受种族影响” 的观点引发众怒，他表示，这一研究结果或许能解释为何很少有女性能在职场中晋升到高层。他声称，“玻璃天花板” 现象的成因很可能是女性智力稍逊，而非歧视或缺乏机会。
- 句式优化与逻辑衔接
- 强调句处理：“It is research that...” 译为 “这项研究注定会……”，保留强调语气，比直译 “这是一项注定…… 的研究” 更自然；
- 定语从句转换：“who previously created a furore...” 译为 “此前曾因提出…… 引发众怒”，将定语从句拆分为中文短句，避免冗长；
- 术语精准：“glass ceiling” 译为 “玻璃天花板”（职场性别歧视专用术语），“inferior intelligence” 译为 “智力稍逊”，比 “低等智力” 更客观，避免语义冒犯。
- 词汇精准与语境适配
- 核心短语翻译：“make it to the top” 译为 “晋升到高层”（职场场景固定表达），“due to” 译为 “成因很可能是”，增强逻辑关联性；“rather than” 译为 “而非”，清晰传递对比关系；
- 情感传递：“delight” 译为 “感到高兴”，“infuriate” 译为 “激怒”，精准还原原文情感对立；“controversial” 译为 “颇具争议的”，体现研究的争议性。
- 学术规范与表达自然
- 语体一致性：采用正式书面语，契合 “学术研究争议” 的语境，避免口语化表达；
- 语义完整：无遗漏 “种族影响”“歧视”“缺乏机会” 等核心信息，语义传递全面无偏差。
Directions: Write an essay of at least 250 words on the topic "Why People Are Walking Less Daily Despite Walking Being the Best Exercise?". Give reasons for your answer and include relevant examples.
Why People Are Walking Less Daily Despite Walking Being the Best Exercise?
Health experts widely acknowledge that walking is one of the most effective and accessible exercises, offering numerous benefits such as improving cardiovascular health, relieving stress, and enhancing overall fitness. However, in modern society, people’s daily walking time has been steadily decreasing. This phenomenon is driven by multiple factors, and targeted measures are needed to reverse the trend.
The primary reason for reduced daily walking is the rapid development of transportation. With the popularization of private cars, electric vehicles, and convenient public transport, people increasingly rely on motorized transportation for daily commutes and travels. For example, many office workers choose to drive or take buses to work even for short distances, replacing the habit of walking. Secondly, the sedentary lifestyle brought by urbanization and technological advancement also plays a key role. Most people spend long hours working in offices, using computers or mobile phones, leaving little time for physical activity. Additionally, the lack of pedestrian-friendly environments in some cities discourages walking. Narrow sidewalks, heavy traffic, and insufficient green spaces make walking unsafe and unpleasant, further reducing people’s willingness to walk.
To encourage more daily walking, joint efforts from individuals, communities, and governments are essential. Firstly, individuals should raise awareness of the benefits of walking and integrate it into daily life, such as choosing to walk for short trips or taking stairs instead of elevators. Secondly, communities can organize walking activities and build more pedestrian paths and green corridors to create a safe and comfortable walking environment. Thirdly, governments should strengthen urban planning, widen sidewalks, improve traffic safety for pedestrians, and promote public transport to reduce car dependency. For instance, some cities have built dedicated bike lanes and pedestrian streets, which have effectively increased people’s walking frequency.
In conclusion, the decline in daily walking is a result of transportation development, sedentary lifestyles, and unfavorable urban environments. By enhancing personal awareness, optimizing community facilities, and improving urban planning, we can encourage more people to walk daily, allowing them to enjoy the health benefits of this simple yet effective exercise.
- 结构框架
- 开头段：明确现象 —— 步行是最佳运动但日常步行量减少，引出下文原因分析与解决方案；
- 主体段：从 “交通发展”“久坐生活方式”“城市环境不佳” 三个维度分析原因，结合 “上班族短途驾车”“城市人行道狭窄” 等实例，增强说服力；
- 结尾段：提出 “个人意识提升 + 社区设施优化 + 政府城市规划” 的三方解决方案，总结升华，呼应开头。
- 高分亮点
- 学术词汇：使用 “cardiovascular health”“sedentary lifestyle”“pedestrian-friendly environments”“urban planning”“dependency” 等学术表达，提升专业性；
- 逻辑衔接：通过 “Firstly/Secondly/Additionally”“To encourage”“For instance”“In conclusion” 等连接词，构建清晰的 “现象 - 原因 - 解决方案” 逻辑链；
- 句式多样：融合定语从句（“which have effectively increased...”）、状语从句（“even for short distances”）、被动语态（“are essential”“should be strengthened”），避免简单句堆砌；
- 观点深刻：不局限于 “个人习惯” 层面，延伸至 “城市规划”“社会环境” 等宏观因素，体现博士研究生的系统思维。
- 学术规范
符合考博英语写作 “观点明确、论证充分、语言正式” 的要求，字数控制在 270 词左右，论证兼顾实例与逻辑，无冗余表述。
浙江农林大学《英语》考博真题（含历年试题及高分答案详解）是备考的核心资料，能帮助考生精准把握命题重点（如学术类阅读、争议性文本翻译、社会热点写作）。考生可通过以下渠道获取真题：
考博信息网官网：
http://www.kaoboinfo.com/
浙江农林大学
历年考博真题下载专用页面：http://www.kaoboinfo.com/shijuan/school/408061_1_2538016.html
- “YES/NO/NOT GIVEN” 题型需逐词匹配题干与原文核心要素，关注同义转换（如 critical=important）；
- 针对学术研究、社会健康类文章进行专项训练，熟悉 “观点 - 证据 - 结论” 的表达逻辑；
- 提升快速定位能力，通过关键词（如 socio-ecological view）精准锁定原文对应段落。
- 争议性文本翻译需保持客观中立，避免语义夸大或弱化（如 inferior intelligence 译为 “智力稍逊”）；
- 处理英文长句时，合理拆分句式，使用中文短句优化表达，保持逻辑连贯；
- 积累 “职场、学术争议、健康” 类主题词汇，提升不同语境下的语言转换能力。
- 社会热点类写作需从 “个人、社会、政府” 多维度分析原因，避免单一视角；
- 论据需结合具体场景（如城市步行环境、职场通勤方式），增强说服力；
- 结尾段升华主题，关联 “健康生活、城市发展” 等深层价值，体现学术视野与格局。
通过系统利用真题资料和科学的备考方法，考生可高效提升考博英语综合能力，助力顺利上岸浙江理工大学博士研究生。
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